
Nortia is the Etruscan Goddess of Fate, who is similar to the
Roman Goddess Fortuna. She was the patron Goddess
of the Etruscan city of Velsna, rendered by the Romans as Volsinii, and called
in some accounts Nyrtia or Nursia, after the Goddess. Velsna was considered
the sacred or moral center of Etruria, and within the city was a sanctuary to
the God Voltumnus that functioned as a meeting-place for the Etruscan federation,
made up of the twelve main cities of Etruria. Velsna was famed for its wealth
and culture, and centuries after the Romans destroyed it in the process of conquering
the Etruscans, Pliny relates the rather silly story that the reason the Romans
wanted Velsna so badly was so they could take its 2000 statues as booty. After
the Romans destroyed it, they moved the population to what they called Volsinii
Novi, at a site not far from the original city. Very few remains are left of
the older Volsinii, and no one nowadays is even exactly sure where it was located.
Nortia had a great temple in Velsna, where it was the custom
to drive a nail into the wall at the new year to mark the ending or fixing of
the old year. This custom persisted into Roman times, and was performed at the
great Temple of Juno, Jupiter, and Minerva on the Capitoline Hill by driving
a nail into the lintel over the door to Minerva's cella (temple chamber). Some
have seen in this custom a relation between the Etruscan Menrfa
(who would in time become the Minerva of the Romans) and Nortia, and thus call
Menrfa a Goddess of Fortune as well. The act of driving a nail is seen as symbolic
of Fate, as it fixes whatever is being nailed to one spot and puts an end to
motion; in the language of metaphor it is especially the motion of that which
moves through time, whether the life of a human being or the linear progression
of a year.
On one of the many Etruscan engraved bronze mirrors that have
come down to us is a representation of a Goddess of Fate about to hammer a nail
into a wall. Her name is given above Her as Athrpa, the Etruscanized version
of Atropos, the Greek Fate who cuts the thread representing a person's life
span. Beside Her are the men whose Fate She is fixing: Meleacr (Meleager) and
Atuns (Adonis), both of whom die in their prime. She has, like many Etruscan
Goddesses, great wings from Her back that spread out behind all the other players
in the scene, as if to indicate Her all-encompassing power or Her primacy. That
the act of hammering a nail was seen as symbolically equivalent to cutting the
thread of life by the Etruscans is shown by the use of the Fate's name; for
it may well be a representation of Nortia instead, who has been labelled with
the equivalent Greek name.
Several inscriptions to Nortia have been preserved, and in one
She is referred to in the plural as Magnae Deae Nortiae, "the Great
Goddesses [who are named] Nortia". Generally Goddesses who were honored
with the title Magna, Great, were the major or top Goddesses in their
pantheons, such as Minerva or Juno: this title can be taken to indicate both
Nortia's importance among the Etruscans of Velsna and Her identification with
Minerva.
The Romans preserved a saying, clavo trabali fixum, (roughly
meaning "an immovable nail in a beam") and used it of things that
were unalterably fixed by Fate.
Alternate spellings: Nartia, Nurtia, Nursia.
She was identified with Menrfa or Minerva as well as Athrpa (Atropos),
one of the Fates; She is also equated with the Roman Goddesses Fortuna
and Necessitas by some.
